Difference in travel behavior between immigrants in the u.s. and us born residents: The immigrant effect for car-sharing, ride-sharing, and bike-sharing services

Abstract Understanding immigrants’ travel behavior is important to transportation planners and policymakers working implement better planning public policies serve those needs. The recent changes the system, specifically, emergence of shared mobility services, such as car-sharing, ride-sharing, bike-sharing, may have resulted in how immigrants travel. Thus, we explored two research questions: (1) whether U.S. are more likely rely on three newly emerging modes than US-born persons, (2) assimilation theory can be applied modes. To answer these questions, used data from 2017 National Household Travel Survey employed Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial regression models understand specific immigrant travelers. found “immigrant effect” only for car-sharing services bike-sharing programs; that is, relative born residents, use car sharing frequently, while an insignificant association ride-sharing apps use. However, negative binomial suggested ride less frequently expected. Immigrants who their first few years living smartphone rideshare app confirming “assimilation theory.” results predicted frequency indicated with all other independent variables held constant, residents immigrants, though difference marginal. would still tend bike share programs rather residents.